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Id c920cbbc-81a8-4a88-b3d6-04292bd42f6e
Year 2022
Abstract Misophonia is a disorder in which certain sounds produced by other people lead to intense negative reactions. It remains unknown how misophonia relates to other psychiatric conditions or impairments. To identify latent constructs underlying symptoms, we conducted a factor analysis consisting of items from questionnaires assessing symptoms of misophonia and other psychiatric conditions. One thousand forty-two participants completed the questionnaires and a social exchange task in which they either could (‘‘controllable’’) or could not (‘‘uncontrollable’’) influence future monetary offers from other people. Misophonia and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms loaded onto the same factor. Compared with individuals with low Miso-OC factor scores, individuals with high scores reported higher perceived controllability of their social interactions during the uncontrollable condition and stronger aversion to social norm violations in the uncontrollable compared with the controllable condition. Together, these results suggest misophonia, and OC symptoms share a latent psychiatric dimension characterized by aberrant computations of social controllability.
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- (Banker et al., 2022)
Import Date 04-18-2026
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Dv Authors Sarah M. Banker, Soojung Na, Jacqueline Beltrán, Harold W. Koenigsberg, Jennifer H. Foss-Feig, Xiaosi Gu, Daniela Schiller,
Dv Initial Source Misophonia MOC
Dv Status #status/Bare-bones-review
Dv Limitations • No psychometrically validated gold-standard measure for misophonia diagnosis; A-MISO-S used as proxy. • Reliance on self-report data for all psychiatric symptom measures; accuracy contingent on participant self-awareness and introspection. • Task context (social offer exchange) does not replicate real-life misophonia trigger contexts; task deliberately excluded auditory triggers. • Participants not clinically diagnosed; findings reflect trait-level symptom variation rather than confirmed psychiatric disorders.
Dv Future Directions • Reinvestigate findings once a psychometrically validated misophonia scale is established. • Directly examine whether perceived controllability differences observed here are relevant to actual trigger response. • Investigate neural underpinnings of disrupted social control in misophonia. • Explore whether treatments effective for other disorders of control (e.g., OCD) may be effective for misophonia.
Dv Relevance • did a factor analysis on a very large sample using a number of scales to measure symptom's of Misophonia and other comorbidities, finding that Misophonia and obsessive compulsive symptoms loaded into the same factor . authors suggest the findings suggest that both conditions share latent psychiatric dimension characterized by aberrant computations of social controllability.
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Disrupted computations of social control in individuals with obsessive-compulsive and misophonia symptoms
Status:: #status/Bare-bones-review
Metadata
- Item Type: #journalArticle
- Authors:: Sarah M. Banker, Soojung Na, Jacqueline Beltrán, Harold W. Koenigsberg, Jennifer H. Foss-Feig, Xiaosi Gu, Daniela Schiller,
- Date Added: April 18, 2026
- URL: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004222008896
- DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104617
- Cite Key: bankerDisruptedComputationsSocial2022
- Tags:: #Misophonia, #Bare-bones-review-🦴, #ocd, #factor-analysis,
- PDF Attachments
Abstract
| Background/Purpose | Background- • Misophonia prevalence estimated at up to 20% of the population; severe form affects a smaller subset. • Misophonic reactions appear specific to socially generated sounds; sounds from non-human or self-sources do not typically elicit strong responses. • Misophonia shows high comorbidity with anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, and OCD. • Disorders comorbid with misophonia share dysregulations in perceived controllability. • OCD specifically associated with both low perceived control over symptoms and high illusory control over environments. • Perceived controllability has not been directly examined in misophonia prior to this study. • Agency discrimination — attributing voluntary control to self vs. other — may be disrupted in misophonia given the intentional, social nature of trigger sounds. • No consensus gold-standard diagnostic measure or established psychiatric classification for misophonia existed at time of study. Purpose- • Identify latent transdiagnostic constructs underlying misophonia symptoms in relation to 13 other psychiatric conditions via factor analysis. • Examine the role of perceived social controllability in individuals with high misophonia symptom levels using a behavioral task. • Test the primary hypothesis that misophonia items would co-load with OC, anxiety, or eating disorder items; consider alternative hypothesis of co-loading with social impairment (ASD) items. • Test whether high Miso-OC individuals display inaccurate perceptions of social control and greater aversion to uncontrollable social events. |
| Participants/samples | • N = 1,175 for factor analysis; N = 1,041 completed social controllability task. • Recruited via Prolific (online platform); U.S. residents aged 18–64; >90% Prolific approval rating. • High Miso-OC group: n = 260 (top quartile); Low Miso-OC group: n = 260 (bottom quartile). • High Miso-OC group: mean age 31.6 years, 55.0% female; Low Miso-OC group: mean age 39.3 years, 43.8% female. • Groups differed significantly on age, sex, gender identity, and ICAR cognitive ability scores; did not differ on education or income. • Exclusions: 38 non-completions, 9 time-limit exceedances, 47 missed attention checks or ID errors (from initial 1,269 attempts). • Participants not selected on basis of clinical diagnosis; symptoms interpreted as trait-level features. |
| Measures | • Amsterdam Misophonia Scale (A-MISO-S): 7-item self-report; 0–24 total score; severity categories subclinical through extreme. • Broad Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (BAPQ) • Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised (OCI-R) • State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; trait subscale) • Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS; avoidance subscale) • Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) • Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) • Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) • Avoidant Personality Disorder Impairment Scale (AvPD-IS) • Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD) • Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) • Subjective Happiness Scale (SHH) • UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) • International Cognitive Ability Resource – Sample Test (ICAR; cognitive ability covariate) • Social controllability task: modified ultimatum game with controllable and uncontrollable conditions; self-reported perceived controllability (0–100%) collected post-condition. • 2-step forward thinking computational model: extracted sensitivity to norm violation (α) and expected influence (δ) per participant per condition. |
| Procedures | • Participants completed 14 psychiatric questionnaires online followed by the social controllability task. • Social controllability task: participants played 30 rounds each with two virtual 30-person teams (counterbalanced order); each trial presented an offer splitting $20; participant accepted (both receive money) or rejected (neither receives money). • Controllable condition: participant's reject/accept choice probabilistically increased/decreased the next offer by $0, $1, or $2. • Uncontrollable condition: offers sampled from a predetermined distribution (mean $5.0, SD $2.3); order randomized per participant; participant choices had no effect on subsequent offers. • Participants were not explicitly informed of the controllable vs. uncontrollable manipulation. • After each condition, participants rated perceived controllability over that team on a 0–100% scale. • Factor analysis: performed in R using 212 individual questionnaire items; heterogeneous correlation matrix (hetcor) to accommodate dichotomous ZAN-BPD items; CNG test to determine factor count; Maximum Likelihood Estimation with oblique rotation (oblimin); factor scores computed using tenBerge method. • Computational modeling: 2-step forward thinking model fit to middle 24 trials per condition per participant; first and last 3 trials excluded; ANOVAs tested group-by-condition interactions controlling for sex, age, and ICAR scores. |
| Results | Factor analysis • CNG test identified three factors: mood, social, and Miso-OC. • Mood factor loaded primarily on happiness (inverse), anxiety, stress, loneliness, and depression items. • Social factor loaded primarily on avoidant personality disorder, social anxiety, and ASD items. • Miso-OC factor loaded primarily on OC and misophonia items; secondary cross-loading items from anxiety, depression, ASD, eating disorder, and alcohol use questionnaires reflected disrupted impulse control themes. • Misophonia items did not load most highly onto the social factor. Model-agnostic task behavior • Both groups successfully raised offers over time under the controllable condition relative to the uncontrollable condition. • Mean offer sizes and rejection rates were comparable between high and low Miso-OC groups in both conditions; no group differences in offer trajectory or rejection patterns. Perceived controllability (self-report) • Significant group-by-condition interaction: high Miso-OC group reported greater perceived controllability than low Miso-OC group specifically in the uncontrollable condition. • No group difference in perceived controllability in the controllable condition. Belief-behavior disconnect (discrepancy) • Significant group-by-condition interaction: high Miso-OC group showed greater discrepancy between perceived controllability and model-derived expected influence in the uncontrollable condition. • High Miso-OC group showed greater discrepancy in the uncontrollable relative to the controllable condition; low Miso-OC group did not. • No group differences in discrepancy in the controllable condition. Sensitivity to norm violation • Significant group-by-condition interaction: high Miso-OC group showed increased sensitivity to norm violations in the uncontrollable relative to controllable condition; low Miso-OC group showed no such difference. Null findings • No significant group-by-condition interaction effects on expected influence (δ). • No significant group-by-condition interaction effects for mood or social transdiagnostic factors on any task parameter. |
| Discussion/Limits | Conclusion- • The authors conclude that misophonia and OC symptoms share a latent psychiatric dimension characterized by aberrant computations of social controllability. • The findings indicate that misophonia is not primarily characterized by social impairment (i.e., does not cluster with ASD or social anxiety) but rather by disrupted perceptions of control. • The authors conclude that high Miso-OC individuals display an illusory sense of control — perceiving influence over outcomes even when objectively none exists — consistent with prior work on illusory control in OCD. • The findings indicate that both social and control-related components contribute to misophonia; the disorder appears linked specifically to the interaction between disrupted perceived controllability and unpredictable social agents. • The authors conclude that a compensatory desire-for-control mechanism, previously proposed for OCD, may also underlie misophonic reactions: an individual who expects high environmental control would react negatively to uncontrollable social sounds that violate this expectation. • The data support the interpretation that high Miso-OC individuals show heightened aversion to uncontrollable social norm violations, suggesting the reaction to trigger sounds may be partly driven by violations of control-based expectations. • The findings indicate that the Miso-OC factor captured a transdiagnostic construct of disrupted impulse control, as evidenced by cross-loading of items reflecting intrusive thoughts, hyperactivity, and guilt from multiple questionnaires. |
| Limitations:: | • No psychometrically validated gold-standard measure for misophonia diagnosis; A-MISO-S used as proxy. • Reliance on self-report data for all psychiatric symptom measures; accuracy contingent on participant self-awareness and introspection. • Task context (social offer exchange) does not replicate real-life misophonia trigger contexts; task deliberately excluded auditory triggers. • Participants not clinically diagnosed; findings reflect trait-level symptom variation rather than confirmed psychiatric disorders. |
| Future Directions:: | • Reinvestigate findings once a psychometrically validated misophonia scale is established. • Directly examine whether perceived controllability differences observed here are relevant to actual trigger response. • Investigate neural underpinnings of disrupted social control in misophonia. • Explore whether treatments effective for other disorders of control (e.g., OCD) may be effective for misophonia. |
| Relevance:: | • did a factor analysis on a very large sample using a number of scales to measure symptom's of Misophonia and other comorbidities, finding that Misophonia and obsessive compulsive symptoms loaded into the same factor . authors suggest the findings suggest that both conditions share latent psychiatric dimension characterized by aberrant computations of social controllability. |
Notes
key terms and concepts
- misophonia – disorder in which sounds generated by other people lead to intense negative physical and/or emotional responses, including disgust, irritation, rage, or anxiety.
- Miso-OC factor – latent transdiagnostic factor derived from factor analysis on which both misophonia and obsessive-compulsive symptom items loaded most highly.
- social controllability – the degree to which individuals can influence future monetary offers from virtual social partners in an ultimatum game paradigm.
- perceived controllability – self-reported amount of influence participants believed they had over social partners' offers, rated at the end of each task condition.
- illusory perception of control – belief in personal control over outcomes that are objectively uncontrollable.
- sensitivity to norm violation (α) – model-derived parameter reflecting aversion to offer amounts that deviate from expected value.
- expected influence (δ) – model-derived parameter reflecting how much participants believed they could change offers based on their choices.
- belief-behavior disconnect – discrepancy between self-reported perceived controllability and model-derived expected influence.
- 2-step forward thinking model – computational model in which participants mentally simulate future offers by calculating downstream effects of current accept/reject decisions.
- transdiagnostic factor – latent psychiatric symptom dimension shared across multiple diagnostic categories.
- A-MISO-S – Amsterdam Misophonia Scale; 7-item self-report measure of misophonia symptom severity adapted from the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.
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contextual statement
In a 2022 study, Banker et al. attempted to characterize the transdiagnostic structure of misophonia and its relationship to social controllability by administering 14 psychiatric self-report questionnaires and a modified ultimatum game with controllable and uncontrollable conditions to a large online sample (N = 1,175 for factor analysis; N = 1,041 for behavioral task), using factor analysis and a 2-step forward thinking computational model as primary analytic tools.
summary statement
In a 2022 study, Banker et al. investigated whether misophonia constitutes a distinct transdiagnostic psychiatric dimension and whether it is associated with disrupted perceptions of social controllability, by conducting a factor analysis of 212 items from 14 psychiatric questionnaires in over 1,000 online participants and examining behavioral and computational indices of social control using a modified ultimatum game. They found that misophonia and obsessive-compulsive symptoms loaded onto the same latent factor, and that individuals with high Miso-OC factor scores showed illusory perceptions of control and heightened sensitivity to norm violations specifically under uncontrollable social conditions — despite equivalent behavioral performance to low Miso-OC individuals. From this they concluded that misophonia and OC symptoms share a latent psychiatric dimension defined by aberrant computations of social controllability, and that misophonic reactions may arise from a compensatory desire for control that generates heightened aversion when social environments are objectively uncontrollable.
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CNG test identified three factors. mood, social, and Miso-OC
high Misophonia - OC people show illusory sense of control, consistent with trends in OCD research
compensatory desire for control mechanisms as an underlying force in the Misophonic response