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In a 2019 fMRI study, Schröder and colleagues presented participants with trigger, neutral, and generally aversive sound clips and observed recruitment of the anterior cingulate cortex and superior temporal cortex in individuals with misophonia, suggesting a role for aberrant salience attribution. The authors proposed a classical conditioning account in which trigger sounds initially evoke physiological arousal and negative emotions, with repeated exposure strengthening these associations over time. These responses are further amplified by hypervigilance (Schröder et al., 2019)