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Id 5d5ba736-89db-49f6-a19d-5ca3f981171a

Year 2020

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which the severity of misophonia symptoms is linked with cognitive control under misophonia symptom-provocation circumstances in the general population sample. Participants (N = 79) completed a measure of cognitive control–a Stroop color naming task, which consists of congruent and incongruent stimuli, and requires inhibition of a prepotent response (reading a word) in the service of a less predominant response (naming a color), while listening to misophonia symptom-provocation or universally unpleasant sounds. Participants’ misophonia sound sensitivity, and emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds were assessed using the Misophonia Questionnaire. Stronger emotional behavioral reactions to misophonia trigger sounds were significantly associated with the larger Stroop effect when participants were exposed to the misophonia trigger sounds, but not when they were exposed to the universally unpleasant sounds. This effect held when controlling for the personality trait of Neuroticism and for baseline levels of anxiety. Both elevated misophonia sound sensitivity and emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds significantly correlated with higher self-reported anxiety when performing the Stroop task. However, only elevated emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds were linked with higher anxiety levels at baseline, suggesting that people who experience stronger emotions and behavioral reactions to misophonia trigger sounds may have higher anxiety at a trait level. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

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purpleRed

Aliases

(Daniels et al., 2020)

Key Terms

Cognitive Control

Import Date 03-23-2024

Dissertation Source Tags

Cognitive Load
stroop task
trait
cognitive control

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Dv Initial Source

My Dissertation MOC
Misophonia

Dv Status #status/reviewed

Dv Limitations • The use of a standard visual stroop task limits the assumptions that can be drawn for questions about modality specific effects of triggering stimuli. • lack of silent condition means you cant assess the impact of having ANY sounds playing had on the task performance.

Dv Future Directions • Use auditory Stroop paradigms. • Examine other executive functions (attention, working memory). • Assess additional emotional states. • Further investigate processing speed findings.

Dv Relevance • Shows impact of Misophonia on cognitive control ( specifically in response inhibition) • Results are novel in fact that they give the first description of the functional impact of Misophonia on cognitive control, and is the first study to show this effect in a non-clinical sample • shows evidence for the role of traits ( neuroticism and anxiety ) in Misophonia symptoms.

Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds

Status:: #status/reviewed

Metadata

Item Type: #journalArticle
Authors: Emily C. Daniels, Andrew Rodriguez, Darya L. Zabelina,
Date Added: July 31, 2020
URL: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227118
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227118
Cite Key: danielsSeverityMisophoniaSymptoms2020
Tags: #Misophonia, #marked, #potential-trait-source
[PDF Attachments]([Daniels et al. - 2020 - Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with.pdf](file://C:\Users\attra\Zotero\storage\2Y9XYWGA\Daniels%20et%20al.%20-%202020%20-%20Severity%20of%20misophonia%20symptoms%20is%20associated%20with.pdf))

Article Review Table: (Daniels et al., 2020)


Background/Purpose	Background- • Misophonics often self reported reduced feelings of self control in response to triggers • the distress induced from miso triggers likely causes increased attentional demands on Misophonics, and could interfere with cognitively taxing tasks unrelated to the trigger. • little research has looked into the impact of miso triggers on Misophonics cognitive control Purpose- • Examine individual differences in the impact of misophonia severity on the cognitive control (as assessed by stroop task) of Misophonics during trigger exposure. • Examine the resulting states of anxiety in a non-clinical sample predictions- • Predicted a significant positive relationship between elevate Misophonic responses and larger stroop effects during trigger exposure. This prediction was made on the presumption that the inhibition of unwanted responses ( i.e. misophonic responses pored by the MQ) would require greater cognitive control compared to simply having emotional sensitivity to triggers with without an urge to correct it. [this was supported] • Predicted a significant positive relationship between misophonia symptoms and anxiety levels. This prediction was made based on previous literature showing Misophonia’s link to negative affect.
Participants/samples	• Seventy-nine university students. 50 females, 28 males, and one “other”. mean age = 21.94, SD = 5.80 Within subject’s design- participants preformed the stroop task while exposed to trigger sounds ( level 1) of control sounds ( level 2) • Cognitive control was assessed via a stroop task, with a large stroop effect assumed to indicate worse cognitive control. • Incentives included up to $13
Measures	• The Misophonia Questionnaire (MQ)- a two factor assessment to measure the presence and severity of misophonia. [see page 4 for a description of the MQ] consisting of two factors : • Misophonia sound sensitivity factor- probes for sensitivity to typical auditory/visual triggers • emotional behaviors towards misophonic trigger sounds factor- probes for subjects specific Misophonic responses • Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)- used to have participants report baseline anxiety and anxiety after each experimental condition. • The Big 5 neuroticism scale- assesses levels of neuroticism.
Procedures	Stimuli- auditory stim consisted of triggers and universally aversive sounds. (note there was no silent condtion) • Subjects completed the STAI to record baseline anxiety, then completed practice block of stroop task before doing the actual task. • After completion of Stoop task, subjects completed the MQ, the Big 5 Neuroticism scale, and a probe for demographic information. • Finally, subjects watched a one-minute video designed to alleviate any stress endured by the procedure. • Total session took around 60 minutes.
Results	• A positive relationship was found between emotional reactions and the size of the stroop effect (r = .25, p = .03), and this effect held when controlling for neuroticism and bassline anxiety. [see fig 1] • No significant relationship between emotional behaviors and stroop effect in the control ( universally unpleasant) condition r = .17, p = 15. • No significant relationship between MQ sound sensitivity and Stroop effect in the trigger condition (r = .18, p = .12), nor in the control condition (r = .09, p = .46; Table 1) • Sound sensitivity and levels of resposnes as measured by the MQ were both associated with slower reaction times in the Stroop task in the trigger condition, but not in the control. overall Stroop effect • Incongruent slower than congruent trials. • Mean Stroop effect = 109 ms, p < .001. reaction time differences between sound conditions • Marginally slower overall RTs under misophonia sounds (p = .053). • No significant difference in Stroop effect between sound conditions (p = .33). individual differences in misophonia and stroop task • Emotional behaviors toward trigger sounds correlated with larger Stroop effect under misophonia sounds (r = .25, p = .03). • Association remained significant when controlling for Neuroticism. • No significant association between emotional behaviors and Stroop effect under unpleasant sounds. • Sound sensitivity not significantly associated with Stroop effect in either condition. • Both sound sensitivity and emotional behaviors correlated with slower overall RTs in misophonia condition only. • Neuroticism correlated with MQ subscales but not with Stroop performance. self-reported anxiety • Higher anxiety under unpleasant sounds vs misophonia sounds (p = .02). • Both MQ sound sensitivity and emotional behaviors associated with higher anxiety under both sound conditions. • Effects remained after controlling for baseline anxiety and Neuroticism. • Emotional behaviors associated with higher baseline anxiety (r = .25, p = .03). • Sound sensitivity not associated with baseline anxiety.
Discussion/Limits	Conclusion- • the slower RT in the in the trigger condition suggests differences in Misophonia symptoms might be associated with slower processing speeds during trigger exposure • the fact that only emotional behaviors toward triggers showed a link with anxiety baseline levels suggests that stronger Misophonia responses are associated wit higher trait anxiety
Limitations::	• The use of a standard visual stroop task limits the assumptions that can be drawn for questions about modality specific effects of triggering stimuli. • lack of silent condition means you cant assess the impact of having ANY sounds playing had on the task performance.
Future Directions::	• Use auditory Stroop paradigms. • Examine other executive functions (attention, working memory). • Assess additional emotional states. • Further investigate processing speed findings.
Relevance::	• Shows impact of Misophonia on cognitive control ( specifically in response inhibition) • Results are novel in fact that they give the first description of the functional impact of Misophonia on cognitive control, and is the first study to show this effect in a non-clinical sample • shows evidence for the role of traits ( neuroticism and anxiety ) in Misophonia symptoms.

Notes

Cognitive Control- term for a set of processes involved in generating and maintaining task related goals while also suppressing goals no longer task relevant. it thought of as a limited resource that is drained by tasks requiring the inhibition of competing cognitive processes.

my engagement notes

my questions

my comments

surprised people would sign up for/ finish this test. (page 4)

Bookmarks

bookmark for fantastic recap of whole study (page 10)

reading notes

A description of feelings of guilt with Misophonia- the common anger response and the common impulse to react aggressively frequently makes Misophonics feel as if they lack self-control. In response Misophonics frequently report feelings of guilt, feelings which can result in anxiety and depression.
Role of Neuroticism and why it was accounted for in this study- negative emotions, such as somatic complaints and daily negative mood, are frequently reported by people high in neuroticism. As this fact could confound the results, a measure of neuroticism was included to help control for any effect of neuroticism on the results.

future directions

Future studies should look at if misophonia symptomology is linked with slow processing speed in non-triggering circumstances.
Other emotions (besides anxiety) should be looked at for links to Misophonia symptomology, (ex: anger, disgust, sadness)
Further studies should look at link between misophonia and other aspects of execute e functioning, EX: attention and working memory.

zettelkasten

is misophonia symptomology is linked with slow processing speed in non-triggering circumstances.

Daniels 2020 findings on Stroop effect and implications for processing speed in Misophonia