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Id d119ea88-5f15-46e6-bb22-1ce3abd6f777

Year 2026

Abstract

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(Yamazawa & Midorikawa, 2026)

Import Date 02-25-2026

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Dv Authors Yumi Yamazawa, Akira Midorikawa,

Dv Initial Source Misophonia MOCMisophonia

Dv Status #status/Bare-bones-review

Dv Limitations • Sample limited to university students. • Clinical autistic populations not included. • Small effect sizes for associations between autistic traits and sensory processing. • Cross-sectional design; SEM does not establish causality.

Dv Future Directions • Recruit more diverse and clinical samples. • Examine broader age ranges. • Use longitudinal and experimental designs to clarify causal and temporal relationships. • Investigate developmental progression from hyperacusis to misophonia.

Dv Relevance • study looking at interconnected models of hyperacusis, autistic traits, and Misophonia • find that autistic traits are associated with atypical sensory processing ( both hypo/hyper reactivity) with auditory reactivity being the most common issue. • concludes that Misophonia is likely shaped by social an environmental influences during adolescents • a decent study for info on autistic + hyperacusis + Misophonia trait stuff. • suggests that hyperacusis may be an early risk factor contributing to later Misophonia

Dv Statistics Age M = 19.57, SD = 1.35; N = 439 (256 male; 183 female). Sex differences: AQ t = 2.08, p < .05 (males > females); MQ t = −3.31, p < .05 (females > males); HQ t = −0.48, p = .63; GSQ t = −1.12, p = .26. Correlations: AQ–GSQ r = .343; AQ–HQ r = .381; AQ–MQ r = .312; HQ–MQ r = .629; GSQ–HQ r = .636; GSQ–MQ r = .516. AQ–GSQ subscales r = .103–.343 (all p < .05). SEM fit: • Autism-interdependent: χ² = 200.112 (p < .001); CFI = .347; RMSEA = .674; AIC = 210.112; BIC = 230.535. • Hyperacusis-mediated: χ² = 3.842 (p < .05); CFI = .991; RMSEA = .081; AIC = 13.842; BIC = 34.264. • Misophonia-mediated: χ² = 25.235 (p < .001); CFI = .920; RMSEA = .235; AIC = 35.235; BIC = 55.658. SEM paths (standardized): • Autistic traits → Hyperacusis = .37. • Autistic traits → Misophonia = .31 (interdependent model). • Hyperacusis → Misophonia = .65 (mediated models).

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Relationships among hyperacusis, misophonia, and autistic traits in a non-clinical population

Status:: #status/Bare-bones-review

Metadata

Item Type: #journalArticle
Authors:: Yumi Yamazawa, Akira Midorikawa,
Date Added: February 17, 2026
URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20473869.2026.2626434
DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2026.2626434
Cite Key: yamazawaRelationshipsHyperacusisMisophonia2026
Tags:: #Misophonia, #Bare-bones-review-🦴, #Autism, #hyperacusis, #ADHD, #auditory-hyper-reactivity,
PDF Attachments

Abstract


Background/Purpose	Background- • Sensory hyper-reactivity is prevalent in autistic people and also present in the general population. • Autistic traits exist on a continuum. • Prior research has not directly examined whether autistic traits in non-clinical populations are associated with sensory hypo- and hyper-reactivity across modalities. • Auditory hyper-reactivity is frequently reported as the most common sensory complaint in autism. • Hyperacusis and misophonia are distinct but interrelated forms of decreased sound tolerance. • The triadic relationship among autistic traits, hyperacusis, and misophonia remains unclear. Purpose- • clarify the triadic relationship among autism, hyperacusis and Misophonia via comparison of three theoretical models (page 3) • confirm reported associations between autistic traits and altered sensory reactivity • assess the prevalence of auditory hyperreactivity as the most common form of sensory hyper reactivity in non- clinical populations (page 4) • Examine association between autistic traits and sensory hypo-/hyper-reactivity in the general population. • Determine whether auditory hyper-reactivity is the most prevalent modality. • Compare three theoretical models (autism-interdependent, hyperacusis-mediated, misophonia-mediated) linking autistic traits, hyperacusis, and misophonia.
Participants/samples	• N = 439 university students. • 183 females; 256 males. • Mean age ≈ 19.6 years. • Age inclusion: 18–26 years. • Non-clinical population.
Measures	• Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) – autistic traits (5 domains). • Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire (GSQ) – hyper-/hypo-reactivity across 7 modalities. • Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) – hyperacusis severity (attentional, social, emotional domains). • Misophonia Questionnaire (MQ) – symptom presence; emotional/behavioral responses.
Procedures	• Online survey via Google Forms. • Self-report measures: AQ, GSQ, HQ, MQ. • Sex differences tested. • Spearman correlations among total and subscale scores. • Bonferroni correction applied. • Structural equation modeling comparing three theoretical models using maximum likelihood estimation. • Model fit evaluated using CFI, RMSEA, AIC, BIC.
Results	• Autistic traits positively associated with sensory hyper-reactivity and hypo-reactivity across all modalities. • Auditory hyper-reactivity showed highest GSQ subscale scores. • No significant differences between strength of AQ associations across sensory modalities. • Autistic traits positively associated with hyperacusis and misophonia. • Hyperacusis and misophonia strongly positively correlated. • Hyperacusis-mediated model showed best overall fit. • Autism-interdependent model demonstrated poor fit. • Misophonia-mediated model showed inferior fit relative to hyperacusis-mediated model. • Sex differences: AQ higher in males; MQ higher in females; no sex differences in HQ or GSQ.
Discussion/Limits	Conclusion- • The authors conclude that autistic traits in the general population are associated with both sensory hyper-reactivity and hypo-reactivity. • The findings indicate that sensory traits may follow a spectrum-like distribution paralleling autistic traits. • The authors conclude that auditory hyper-reactivity is the most prominent sensory domain in the general population. • The data support the hyperacusis-mediated model in which hyperacusis mediates the association between autistic traits and misophonia. • The authors conclude that hyperacusis may represent an early risk factor contributing to later development of misophonia (pdf). • The findings indicate that misophonia may be more influenced by learning, cultural, and social factors. • The data support a hierarchical framework linking autistic traits, hyperacusis, and misophonia.
Limitations::	• Sample limited to university students. • Clinical autistic populations not included. • Small effect sizes for associations between autistic traits and sensory processing. • Cross-sectional design; SEM does not establish causality.
Future Directions::	• Recruit more diverse and clinical samples. • Examine broader age ranges. • Use longitudinal and experimental designs to clarify causal and temporal relationships. • Investigate developmental progression from hyperacusis to misophonia.
Relevance::	• study looking at interconnected models of hyperacusis, autistic traits, and Misophonia • find that autistic traits are associated with atypical sensory processing ( both hypo/hyper reactivity) with auditory reactivity being the most common issue. • concludes that Misophonia is likely shaped by social an environmental influences during adolescents • a decent study for info on autistic + hyperacusis + Misophonia trait stuff. • suggests that hyperacusis may be an early risk factor contributing to later Misophonia
Statistics::	Age M = 19.57, SD = 1.35; N = 439 (256 male; 183 female). Sex differences: AQ t = 2.08, p < .05 (males > females); MQ t = −3.31, p < .05 (females > males); HQ t = −0.48, p = .63; GSQ t = −1.12, p = .26. Correlations: AQ–GSQ r = .343; AQ–HQ r = .381; AQ–MQ r = .312; HQ–MQ r = .629; GSQ–HQ r = .636; GSQ–MQ r = .516. AQ–GSQ subscales r = .103–.343 (all p < .05). SEM fit: • Autism-interdependent: χ² = 200.112 (p < .001); CFI = .347; RMSEA = .674; AIC = 210.112; BIC = 230.535. • Hyperacusis-mediated: χ² = 3.842 (p < .05); CFI = .991; RMSEA = .081; AIC = 13.842; BIC = 34.264. • Misophonia-mediated: χ² = 25.235 (p < .001); CFI = .920; RMSEA = .235; AIC = 35.235; BIC = 55.658. SEM paths (standardized): • Autistic traits → Hyperacusis = .37. • Autistic traits → Misophonia = .31 (interdependent model). • Hyperacusis → Misophonia = .65 (mediated models).

Notes

key terms and concepts:

Autistic traits – characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorder that are continuously distributed in the general population.
Sensory hyper-reactivity – heightened sensory responsiveness characterized by distress in response to sensory stimuli.
Sensory hypo-reactivity – lowered sensory responsiveness to sensory stimuli.
Hyperacusis – increased sensitivity and reduced tolerance to sounds typically perceived as non-disturbing, with negative reactions based on physical sound properties.
Misophonia – intense aversion to specific sounds or sound-associated stimuli that trigger strong negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses.
Decreased sound tolerance – umbrella term encompassing hyperacusis and misophonia.

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bookmark to conclusions (page 10)

reading notes

Autism-Interdependent Model

This model proposes that autistic traits independently contribute to both hyperacusis and misophonia. In this framework, each condition is directly linked to autistic traits but not causally linked to each other. Hyperacusis and misophonia are assumed to arise from separate underlying mechanisms. The model suggests parallel but distinct pathways from autistic traits to each form of decreased sound tolerance.

Hyperacusis-Mediated Model

This model proposes that autistic traits first contribute to hyperacusis, which then leads to misophonia. Hyperacusis functions as a mediating mechanism between autistic traits and misophonia. In this account, general sound intolerance precedes and contributes to the development of selective sound aversion. The model supports a hierarchical and potentially developmental progression.

Misophonia-Mediated Model

This model proposes that autistic traits first contribute to misophonia, which then leads to hyperacusis. Misophonia serves as the mediating mechanism linking autistic traits to broader sound intolerance. In this framework, selective emotional reactivity to specific sounds precedes generalized sound sensitivity. The model implies that misophonia may be the primary alteration driving later hyperacusis

zettlekasten

Yamazawa 2026 findings on abnormal sensory reactivity and Misophonia

Yamazawa 2026’s three models of the Misophonia-hyperacusis-autistic trait relationship